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History: Human Needs - Past and Present

Key points + Practice

The UT1 History paper covers the textbook, pages 4-15: 'Human needs: past and present'. This chapter compares how people met their basic needs in the past and today.

🍚 1. Basic Human Needs

Basic human needs can be summarised as food, clothing, shelter and transport:
1. Food: to stay alive and healthy.
2. Shelter: to give protection from weather and danger.
3. Clothing: for warmth and protection.
4. Others: safety, health, education and social contact.
Needs and wants:
Needs are things required for survival, such as food and water.
Wants are things we would like but do not need, such as toys or branded trainers.
What counts as a 'need' changes over time and between societies.

🏕️ 2. Life in Prehistoric Times

Palaeolithic Age (Old Stone Age):
- Way of life: gathering, hunting and fishing.
- Shelter: caves, natural shelters or simple tents; people moved about following their food.
- Clothing: animal skins and leaves.
- Tools: chipped stone tools, wooden sticks and bone tools.
- Because people followed game and water, their life was nomadic.
Key feature: people took what they needed directly from nature, could not control their food supply, and lived an unsettled life.

🌾 3. The Agricultural Revolution and Settled Life

The Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) saw the Agricultural Revolution:
1. Farming: people learned to grow crops such as wheat and rice, moving from gathering to producing food.
2. Animal domestication: animals such as sheep, cattle, pigs and dogs were tamed, giving a steady supply of meat, milk, wool, hides and labour.
3. Settlement: because crops had to be tended, people stopped moving about and settled in villages.
4. Tools: polished stone tools and pottery for storing food.
5. Society: food surpluses appeared, the population grew, and division of labour and social classes gradually developed.
Impact: the Agricultural Revolution was a major turning point in human history and laid the foundation of civilisation.

🏙️ 4. Modern Life and Comparison

How people meet their needs today:
- Food: supermarkets, restaurants and takeaways; food comes from all over the world.
- Shelter: high-rise buildings and public housing, with electricity, running water and drainage.
- Clothing: mass-produced in factories, in many styles and at low prices.
- Transport: MTR, buses and aircraft for fast travel.
Comparing past and present:
1. Food supply: from gathering and hunting → farming → industrial and global supply.
2. Housing: from caves and a nomadic life → settled villages → modern cities.
3. Tools and technology: from chipped stone → polished stone and pottery → machinery and electronics.
4. Stability of life: from unstable → more stable → highly dependent on social systems.
Think about it: technology has improved life, but it also brings new problems such as pollution, resource depletion and over-dependence.

📝 例題

例題 1：Why were people in the Neolithic Age able to settle down?
例題 2：Compare how people in prehistoric times and today obtained their food.
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