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Science Chapter 1: Laboratory Basics 第一章：實驗室基礎（中英對照）

重點 + 練習 Key points + Practice（7 節 · 33 題）

Chapter 1 covers laboratory basics: the common apparatus, the heating set-up, safety equipment, hazard warning symbols, the fire triangle and the P.A.S.S. rule.
Read each English line first, then the 中文對照 line under it, and tap 🔊 to hear the English.

第一章複習實驗室基礎：常用儀器、加熱裝置、實驗室安全設備、危險警告標誌、火三角，以及滅火器的 P.A.S.S. 法則。
先讀英文句子，再看下面的中文對照；點每行右邊的 🔊 可以聽英文朗讀，點黃色虛線的儀器名稱會彈出中文解釋、音標和發音。

🔬 1. Common laboratory apparatus 常用實驗室儀器

Fig.1 Common apparatus for holding substances 盛載物質的常用儀器
Fig.1 Common apparatus for holding substances 盛載物質的常用儀器
A test tube holds a small amount of liquids or solids.
【譯文】試管：盛載少量液體或固體。
A boiling tube holds a larger amount of liquids or solids.
【譯文】大試管：盛載較多量的液體或固體。
A beaker holds liquids or solids. It must not be heated directly.
【譯文】燒杯：盛載液體或固體，不可以直接加熱。
A conical flask holds liquids or solids, and it is easy to swirl.
【譯文】錐形瓶：盛載液體或固體，方便搖勻。
A measuring cylinder measures the volume of a liquid.
【譯文】量筒：量度液體體積。
A gas jar collects or holds gases.
【譯文】集氣瓶：收集或儲存氣體。
A watch glass holds a small amount of samples.
【譯文】錶面玻璃：盛載少量樣品。
An evaporating dish holds a liquid that is going to be evaporated.
【譯文】蒸發皿：盛載待蒸發的液體。
A reagent bottle stores liquid chemicals.
【譯文】試劑瓶：儲存液體藥品。
A dropping bottle stores liquids that are used drop by drop.
【譯文】滴瓶：儲存需逐滴使用的液體。
A rubber stopper plugs the opening of test tubes and flasks.
【譯文】橡膠塞：塞住試管和燒瓶的瓶口。
test tube
test tube 試管
boiling tube
boiling tube 大試管
beaker
beaker 燒杯
conical flask
conical flask 錐形瓶
measuring cylinder
measuring cylinder 量筒
gas jar
gas jar 集氣瓶
watch glass
watch glass 錶面玻璃
evaporating dish
evaporating dish 蒸發皿
reagent bottle
reagent bottle 試劑瓶
dropping bottle
dropping bottle 滴瓶
rubber stopper
rubber stopper 橡膠塞

🔥 2. Heating set-up and other apparatus 加熱裝置及其他輔助儀器

Fig.2 Heating set-up (Bunsen burner, tripod, wire gauze, heat-proof mat) and other tools 加熱裝置及其他儀器
Fig.2 Heating set-up (Bunsen burner, tripod, wire gauze, heat-proof mat) and other tools 加熱裝置及其他儀器
A heating set-up is made up of a Bunsen burner, a tripod, a wire gauze and a heat-proof mat.
【譯文】加熱裝置由本生燈、三腳架、鐵絲網和隔熱墊組成。
A Bunsen burner heats substances.
【譯文】本生燈：加熱物質。
A tripod supports the wire gauze.
【譯文】三腳架：承托鐵絲網。
The wire gauze spreads the heat evenly.
【譯文】鐵絲網：使受熱均勻。
A heat-proof mat protects the bench.
【譯文】隔熱墊：保護實驗枱面。
Tongs or a test tube holder holds hot objects and hot test tubes.
【譯文】鉗或試管夾：夾取高溫物體及試管。
A spatula transfers a small amount of powder.
【譯文】藥匙：轉移少量粉末。
A test tube rack holds test tubes safely.
【譯文】試管架：安全放置試管。
A filter funnel with filter paper separates solids from liquids.
【譯文】漏斗加濾紙：過濾液體中的固體。
A glass rod stirs liquids.
【譯文】玻璃棒：攪拌液體。
A dropper transfers a small amount of liquid.
【譯文】滴管：轉移少量液體。
A stand and clamp fixes apparatus in position.
【譯文】鐵架台連鐵夾：固定儀器位置。
📝 Tips for drawing a vertical section diagram 繪畫縱切面圖須知
Use a sharpened HB pencil.
【譯文】用削尖的 HB 鉛筆。
Use a ruler for straight lines.
【譯文】用直尺畫直線。
Do not shade the diagram.
【譯文】不可以塗陰影。
Keep all parts in proportion.
【譯文】各部分比例要正確。
Label each piece of apparatus.
【譯文】標註每件儀器的名稱。
Make the diagram large and clear.
【譯文】圖要夠大、夠清晰。
heating set-up
heating set-up 加熱裝置
tongs
tongs 鉗
test tube holder
test tube holder 試管夾
filter funnel
filter funnel 漏斗
filter paper
filter paper 濾紙
test tube rack
test tube rack 試管架
spatula
spatula 藥匙
dropper
dropper 滴管
glass rod
glass rod 玻璃棒
stand and clamp
stand and clamp 鐵架台連鐵夾

🧯 3. Laboratory safety equipment 實驗室安全設備

Fig.3 Common safety equipment in the laboratory 實驗室常用安全設備
Fig.3 Common safety equipment in the laboratory 實驗室常用安全設備
A laboratory coat protects your body and your clothes.
【譯文】實驗袍：保護身體和衣物。
Safety goggles protect your eyes from chemical splashes.
【譯文】安全眼鏡：保護眼睛免受化學品濺傷。
Protective gloves protect your hands.
【譯文】防護手套：保護雙手。
A fire blanket puts out small fires.
【譯文】滅火氈：撲滅小火。
A fire extinguisher puts out larger fires.
【譯文】滅火器：撲滅較大的火。
A sand bucket puts out small chemical fires.
【譯文】沙桶：撲滅小型化學品火災。
An eye wash bottle rinses your eyes if chemicals get into them.
【譯文】洗眼瓶：化學品入眼時沖洗眼睛。
A first-aid box treats minor injuries.
【譯文】急救箱：處理輕微受傷。
A fume cupboard handles toxic or strong-smelling chemicals.
【譯文】煙櫥：處理有毒或氣味強烈的化學品。
laboratory coat
laboratory coat 實驗袍
safety goggles
safety goggles 安全眼鏡
protective gloves
protective gloves 防護手套
fire blanket
fire blanket 滅火氈
fire extinguisher
fire extinguisher 滅火器
sand bucket
sand bucket 沙桶
eye wash bottle
eye wash bottle 洗眼瓶
first-aid box
first-aid box 急救箱
fume cupboard
fume cupboard 煙櫥

☠️ 4. Hazard warning symbols 危險警告標誌

Every chemical bottle carries a hazard warning symbol. Each symbol tells you the safety precaution to take.
【譯文】每個化學品瓶上都有危險警告標誌，每個標誌都提示你應該採取的安全措施。
flammable
flammable 易燃
corrosive
corrosive 腐蝕性
explosive
explosive 爆炸性
toxic
toxic 有毒
harmful
harmful 有害
Flammable: keep it away from heat and flame.
【譯文】易燃：遠離熱源與火焰。
Corrosive: wear goggles and gloves, and store it in a well-ventilated place.
【譯文】腐蝕性：佩戴眼鏡和手套，並存放於通風處。
Explosive: keep it away from heat and flame, and avoid shock.
【譯文】爆炸性：遠離熱源火焰，並避免撞擊。
Toxic, harmful or irritant: avoid breathing in the vapour, wear goggles and gloves, and wash your hands after use.
【譯文】有毒、有害或刺激性：避免吸入蒸氣，佩戴眼鏡和手套，使用後洗手。

🔺 5. The fire triangle 火三角

The fire triangle 火三角
The fire triangle 火三角
Three conditions are needed for a fire: fuel, oxygen and a high temperature.
【譯文】燃燒需要三個條件：燃料、氧氣和高溫。
Remove any one of the three conditions and the fire goes out.
【譯文】移除任何一個條件，火就會熄滅。
Turning off the gas removes the fuel.
【譯文】關掉煤氣，就是移除燃料。
Covering the fire with a lid cuts off the oxygen.
【譯文】用蓋子蓋住，就是隔絕氧氣。
Pouring water on the fire lowers the temperature.
【譯文】用水澆火，就是降低溫度。

🧯 6. Using a fire extinguisher — the P.A.S.S. rule 滅火器使用方法

The P.A.S.S. rule has four steps. Follow them in this order.
【譯文】P.A.S.S. 法則共有四個步驟，要按次序做。
P — pull the safety pin.
【譯文】P（Pull）：拔出安全銷。
A — aim at the base of the fire.
【譯文】A（Aim）：瞄準火焰底部。
S — squeeze the handle.
【譯文】S（Squeeze）：壓下把手。
S — sweep from side to side.
【譯文】S（Sweep）：左右掃射。

⭐ 7. Must-know key points 必考重點

A measuring cylinder is NOT for heating.
【譯文】量筒不可以直接加熱。
Always put a wire gauze under a beaker when you heat it.
【譯文】加熱燒杯時，一定要在下面墊鐵絲網。
Covering a burning candle with a gas jar puts out the flame because the oxygen is cut off.
【譯文】用集氣瓶蓋住燃燒中的蠟燭，火焰會熄滅，因為氧氣被隔絕。
If a chemical splash gets into your eyes, use the eye wash bottle immediately to rinse them.
【譯文】化學品濺入眼睛，要立即用洗眼瓶沖洗。
Toxic or strong-smelling chemicals must be handled inside a fume cupboard.
【譯文】有毒或氣味強烈的化學品，必須在煙櫥內處理。
A heat-proof mat protects the bench from the heat of the Bunsen burner.
【譯文】隔熱墊用來保護實驗枱面，免受本生燈的熱力損害。

📝 例題

例題 1：A student wants to measure exactly 20 mL of water. Which apparatus should be used, and why is a beaker not suitable?
例題 2：Mrs. Cheng is cooking. The oil in her wok catches fire. She turns off the gas immediately and covers the wok with a lid, so the fire goes out.
(a) Explain why turning off the gas puts out the fire.
(b) Explain why covering the wok with a lid puts out the fire.
例題 3：A teacher lights a short candle on a white tile and covers it with an inverted gas jar.
(a) What happens to the candle flame after a few minutes?
(b) Explain why this happens.
(c) Which condition of the fire triangle does this experiment show?
例題 4：Tom knocks over a small amount of alcohol in the laboratory. The alcohol catches fire on the bench. (a) Name two pieces of safety equipment that can put out this small fire. (b) Explain how each one works.
例題 5：A student has to draw a vertical section diagram of a Bunsen burner. Write down three rules the student must follow, and one thing that must not be done.
例題 6：Why must a heat-proof mat be placed under a Bunsen burner, and why must the wire gauze be placed between the beaker and the tripod?
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